旧约 - 申命记(Deuteronomy)第19章

When the LORD thy God hath cut off the nations, whose land the LORD thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their cities, and in their houses;
Thou shalt separate three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.
Thou shalt prepare thee a way, and divide the coasts of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to inherit, into three parts, that every slayer may flee thither.
And this is the case of the slayer, which shall flee thither, that he may live: Whoso killeth his neighbour ignorantly, whom he hated not in time past;
As when a man goeth into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve, and lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die; he shall flee unto one of those cities, and live:
Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and slay him; whereas he was not worthy of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past.
Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt separate three cities for thee.
And if the LORD thy God enlarge thy coast, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto thy fathers;
If thou shalt keep all these commandments to do them, which I command thee this day, to love the LORD thy God, and to walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou add three cities more for thee, beside these three:
That innocent blood be not shed in thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and so blood be upon thee.
But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities:
Then the elders of his city shall send and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die.
Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away the guilt of innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee.
Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark, which they of old time have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land that the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.
One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.
If a false witness rise up against any man to testify against him that which is wrong;
Then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges, which shall be in those days;
And the judges shall make diligent inquisition: and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother;
Then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother: so shalt thou put the evil away from among you.
And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil among you.
And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.
申命记第十九章   第 19 章 

  申 19:2-3> 通往逃城的路要畅通无阻,因为── 

  19:2-3 摩西吩咐以色列人,要筑好通往几座逃城的道路。如果通往逃城的道路失修而不能使用,逃城就名存实亡。有许多投奔逃城的人,真的是为着逃命,道路的保养完善与否,可能关系到人的生死存亡。古时的道路要不断地保养维修,因为路上常常污秽泥泞,尘沙堆积,甚至有很深的坑洞且容易被水冲毁。不但要设立这种公平的制度,并且要采取必要的措施,使通往逃城的路畅通,确是非常重要的。 

  申 19:2-7> 神为什么吩咐摩西设立逃城? 

  19:2-7 每个社会都要处理谋杀案。但是,社会应当怎样对待误杀人的呢?神给以色列人作了指示。在摩西的时代,报血仇是普遍又快速的事,所以神吩咐以色列人设立几座逃城。凡是声称误杀别人的人,都可以逃往其中的一座,以等候公平的审讯。如果他被断定为没有谋杀的意图,就可以住在城中享安全,不会被人寻仇报复。这是神对祂的子民既公义又怜悯,二者融合的美好实例(对于逃城的详细资料,请参看民 35:6 的注释)。 

  申 19:12> 报血仇者是些什么人? 

  19:12 “报血仇的人”是与被杀之人最近的男性亲属,是家族的保护者(参民 35:19 )。 

  申 19:21> 以牙还牙,是说人可以报仇吗? 

  19:21 这一节所定的原则是给审判官使用的,并不适用于个人的报复。这种处罚犯人的态度似乎古老,但是对古时在公义与公平的审判上,的确是一种突破。那时大多数国家,都使用专制的方法来处罚罪人;这种原则却显明神关心公平与公义并确保犯人免受酷刑,不会受过于他们所当受的。根据同样的公平原则,作假见证之人,也会因诬告受到被他陷害之人可能受的刑罚。制定罪有应得的处罚原则,在现今一样适用。──《灵修版圣经注释》